The European Union has long promoted the idea that economic competitiveness and green transformation are mutually reinforcing. This vision was embedded in the European Commission’s 2019 European Green Deal strategy and reaffirmed in the 2023 Green Deal Industrial Plan, both of which followed a model of green growth or green sustainability. While the Green Deal’s messaging primarily emphasized achieving climate neutrality by 2050, the current Commission’s strategic framework has shifted its focus towards competitiveness, resilience, and growth. This shift has been further solidified with the introduction of the new Clean Industrial Deal on 26 February 2025.

Described as “a transformational business plan,” the Clean Industrial Deal merges climate action with competitiveness under a comprehensive growth strategy for Europe. It highlights Europe’s strong industrial heritage and its critical role in driving technological advancement, economic growth, and social well-being. In response to increasing geopolitical tensions, sluggish economic growth, and heightened technological competition, the EU aims to bolster its resilience and security by accelerating decarbonization, reindustrialization, and innovation across the continent. This ambitious agenda is structured around a clear set of themes and objectives, which are further detailed through specific action areas and key initiatives.

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